The fascination of avant-garde cinema with folklore.

Gypsy dances

Since ancient times Malaga has been closely linked to the sea.

The sea and the fishing industry

Place of walk and meeting of merchants, this square is one of the key points of the city.

La Merced and the liberal ideology

Fisrt celebrations with bullfights arrive in Malaga in the 15th century.


Bullfighting

Malaga's relationship with wine dates back to the Phoenician era in the 8th century BC.

Sweet wine and borrachuelo

Opening hours

Palacio de Buenavista, Calle San Agustín, 8, 29015 Málaga. España

The nearest public car parks are: 
Plaza de la Marina and Alcazaba 
More information at <a href="http://www.smassa.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.smassa.eu/</a>

By car

We’re in the historic centre of Málaga, very close to the Cathedral, the Alcazaba and the Roman Theatre.

On foot

Getting here

The nearest stops are: 
To the south, Paseo del Parque-Ayuntamiento 
To the north, Plaza de la Merced 
More information at <a href="http://www.emtmalaga.es/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://www.emtmalaga.es/</a>

By bus

Pablo Picasso imagined, invented, constructed and modelled sculptural forms throughout his lifetime. The Málaga-born artist created this group of sixty-two sculptures between 1909 and 1964. This is the first show in Spain to offer a unique survey of Picasso’s interest in, and skill at, constructing human figures and, in particular, his constant play at achieving fanciful representations of the face.  

This publication attests to the many methods of execution used by the artist to explore possible ways of representing the body, assembling or deconstructing it from a variety of approaches – from tiny, intimate formats to monumental public works. To do so he employed a broad range of supports such as wood, bronze, iron, cement, steel, plaster and a surprising assortment of waste materials and household objects. This illustrated catalogue accompanies the exhibition *Picasso Sculptor. Matter and Body*, an event organised by the museum as part of the international commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Pablo Picasso’s death and coinciding with the twentieth anniversary of its opening in 2003.   

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Picasso Sculptor. Matter and Body

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_Lady of Elche_. Alcudia de Elche (Alicante), 5th-4th century BC. Museo Arqueológico Nacional © Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Photo: Santiago Relanzón 2010. All rights reserved

The Musée du Louvre shows Iberian sculptures of
the 5th and 4th centuries AD found in southern
and eastern Spain. In Paris Picasso has the chance
to see pieces such as the _Lady of Elche_. He
spends the summer in the village of Gósol in the
province of Lleída, in the Catalan Pyrenees, where
he discovers local Romanesque sculpture. All this
leads to a simplification and synthesis of form in
his work, resulting soon afterwards in Cubism.

1906

Ancient Oceania Pavilion, Musée d’Ethnographie du Trocadéro, Paris, 1895. Musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac © Musée du quai Branly-Jacques Chirac, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/image musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac

Picasso visits the Musée d’Ethnographie du
Trocadéro in Paris, where he discovers a broad
range of objects from Africa and Oceania that
make a deep impact on him, owing among other
reasons to the bold simplifications in the forms of
the tribal pieces and their magical connotations.
All this has a significant effect on his subsequent
work.

1907

_Woman’s Head (Fernande)_, 1912. Anonymous photography from 1912. Musée d'Orsay, Paris © Musée d'Orsay, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/Alexis Brandt © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

He begins to collaborate closely with French
painter and sculptor Georges Braque, leading
them to develop Cubism jointly.
A year later Picasso produces _Head of a Woman
(Fernande)_, considered to be the first Cubist
sculpture.

1908

Julio Gonzalez, 1936. Centro Pompidou - Musée national d'art moderne - Centre de création industrielle, Paris 1© Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/Georges Meguerditchian Photo: Rogi André

He begins a fruitful collaboration with sculptor
Julio González, renowned for his mastery of iron,
who teaches him how to handle this material
skilfully.

1928

Boisgeloup Castle, Gisors, 1931. Musée national Picasso – Paris © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée national Picasso-Paris)/Michèle Bellot

Picasso buys a castle in Boisgeloup, in northeast
France. He sets up a painting and sculpture
workshop there. During the following years he
produces large heads, busts and female figures
that are notable for the handling of volume.

1930

Bronze Sculptures, _Bust of Woman and Woman with Orange_. Atelier des Grands-Augustins, Paris, May-June 1947. Musée national Picasso-Paris© RMN-Grand Palais (Musée national Picasso-Paris)/image RMN-GP © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

Writer André Breton publishes “Picasso dans son
élément” (“Picasso in his element”) in the first
issue of the _Minotaure_ magazine. The text is
about Picasso’s workshops and is accompanied
by a large selection of photographs of his recent
sculptures and his Rue La Boétie and Boisgeloup
studios.

1933

_Head of Woman_ in The Spanish Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition Internationale. Photo by Dora Maar © Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais/image Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI. © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

Besides _Guernica_, the Spanish Pavillion at the
Paris World’s Fair shows a selection of five
sculptures executed in his workshop at
Boisgeloup, among them two _Heads of a
Woman_ in cement.

1937

_’Pregnant Woman (second state)’_ (1959) and other sculptures in La Californie, Cannes, [1960-1972]. Fondo Roberto Otero. Museo Picasso Málaga © Fondo Roberto Otero. Museo Picasso Málaga, 2023 © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

The first book on the Málaga-born artist’s oeuvre
is published, _Les sculptures de Picasso_, featuring
photographs by Brassaï and a text by collector
and art dealer Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler.

1949

_Head of Woman (Jacqueline)_, 1962, _Head of Woman_, 1962, and _Woman Standing_, 1953. Notre-Dame-de-Vie (Mougins). Fondo Roberto Otero. Museo Picasso Málaga © Fondo Roberto Otero. Museo Picasso Málaga, 2023 © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

Picasso creates painted wooden dolls for his
four-year-old daughter Paloma. He also makes
a few painted wooden figures.

1953

Pablo Picasso with the sheet metal sculpture _Sylvette_, 2 junio 1954. Phono by Arnold Newmann © Rights reserved © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

At Vallauris, in the south of France, Picasso
produces his first sculptures from cut-out, bent
and painted sheet metal based on previously
made cut-out and folded paper models.
This marks a new approach to sculpture.

1954

Pablo Picasso installing _Woman Standing_ in La Californie, Cannes, 1957. Photo by David Douglas Duncan. Musée national Picasso–Paris. © RMN-Grand Palais/image RMN-GP © David Douglas Duncan © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023  

He produces a series of sculptures with flat
surfaces, such as as _The Bathers_, which is along
the same lines as some of his earlier pieces
crafted from wood. Its bronze version is shown in
the exhibition _Picasso Sculptor. Matter and Body._

1956

Frager, Cameron and Carl Nesjar, next to the sculpture _Woman with Outstretched Arms_, Prieuré de Saint-Hilaire, Chalo-Saint, March 1962 Musée national Picasso–Paris © RMN-Grand Palais/Mathieu Rabeau © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

He collaborates with Lionel Prejger, the owner
of a workshop in Vallauris, who makes metal
tubing with a triangular cross section. Prejger
executes sheet metal sculptures of considerable
size based on folded cardboard or paper models
created by Picasso. The following year the artist’s
collaboration with Norwegian painter and sculptor
Carl Nesjar makes it possible to produce his
models on a monumental scale using concrete.

1961

Monumental sculpture _Head_ of Chicago Civic Center (Richard J. Daley Plaza), Chicago, 1967. Musée national Picasso–Paris. © RMN-Grand Palais (Musée national Picasso-Paris)/Mathieu Rabeau © Pablo Picasso Succession, VEGAP, Madrid, 2023

Taking _Head of a Woman_ (1962) as a basis,
Picasso makes a steel maquette for a 20-metrehigh
iron sculpture to be installed in the new
Chicago Civic Center.

1964

Werner Spies, _Esculturas de Picasso: obra completa_. Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 1971

In Germany historian and art critic Werner Spies
publishes the first catalogue raisonné of Pablo
Picasso’s sculptures: Pablo Picasso. _Das plastische
Werk_. The first edition in Spanish comes out
that year.
Picasso kept a large portion of his sculptural
output in his personal collection and rarely
showed it to the public.

1971

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Summer 1933

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Exhibition Works

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Perpetual Metamorphosis

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ISBN 2

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Dialogues with Picasso. Collection 2020-2023

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La Coruña, 1884

Portrait of Lola

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París, 1923

Three Graces

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Boisgeloup, 1933

Head of a Warrior

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Vallauris

Insect

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Paris, 1954

Jacqueline Seated

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Vauvenargues o Mougins, 1972

Musketeer with Sword

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Picasso received a solid academic training under the supervision of his father, a drawing teacher. His early education in Málaga was followed by additional studies in La Coruña, Barcelona and briefly in Madrid. Drawn by its avant-garde atmosphere, Picasso moved to Paris in 1904. 

‘An odd thing […] is that I have never done children’s drawings. Never. Even when I was very small.’ 

Pablo Picasso was 13 years old in 1894, the year he painted this portrait of his sister María Dolores Ruiz Picasso, fondly known as Lola. The sophistication of Picasso’s first works, evident in details such as the wisp of hair that passes from behind her ear over her bonnet or the sombre cast of her mouth, invites viewers to search for signs of the artist’s later works, either in style or subject. One could see this as a kind of history of art by divination, in which, as Pierre Daix wrote, ‘we suppose him to have had from the first all the creative virtues which more than 70 years of activity and reflections devoted only to his art have enabled us to perceive.’ However, in 1894, Pablo was not yet ‘Picasso’, as the signature daubed thickly on the top left corner attests: ‘P. Ruiz’ shows the artist taking the first surname of his father, José Ruiz Blasco, a painter himself, who encouraged his son’s talent from an early age.  

The portrait of Lola was completed in La Coruña, where Picasso’s family moved to in 1891 when his father found work there as an art professor. Some years later, when the family went to live in Barcelona in 1895, Picasso continued his academic training in painting in the La Llotja art school. While he would only encounter the works of Zurbarán and Ribera during a trip to Madrid that same year, their tenebrous palette suffuses Picasso’s portrait of Lola, likely through the instruction of his father. In the years that followed, which took Picasso from Barcelona to Madrid and Paris (which he visited for the first time in October 1900), he painted several portraits of Lola that make it possible to trace the artist’s progress from his academic training through a series of styles from Symbolism to Post-Impressionism. 

In 1899–1900 Picasso returned to the subject of Lola in a series of portraits – notably the charcoal and pencil drawing on paper *Lola, the Artist’s Sister* (Museu Picasso, Barcelona) and the oil painting *The Artist’s Sister Lola* (Cleveland Museum of Art) – signed ‘P. Ruiz Picasso’. These works, in which his 15-year-old sister stares fiercely out at the viewer, often dressed as a maja wearing a Spanish mantilla and a rose in her hair, portray Lola through the lens of the late Symbolist painting that prevailed in the cafe culture of Barcelona, with hints of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec’s or Édouard Vuillard’s darkest moments. As Picasso remodelled his sister into a creature of Barcelona’s bohemian life, he also transfigured himself: no longer a ‘child prodigy’ with an innate mastery of academic norms, he appears as a radical artist devoted to subverting them. 

Text: After Trevor Stark, ‘Portrait of Lola’, in Pablo Picasso: New Collection 2017–2020, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga, Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2017, pp. 50–51. 

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Picasso and Braque developed Cubism in the years between 1908 and 1914. This style was characterised by the simultaneous representation of a single object from different angles, using geometric shapes and eschewing traditional Renaissance rules of perspective.  

‘Many think that cubism is an art of transition, an experiment which is to bring ulterior results. Those who think that way have not understood it. Cubism is not either a seed or a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life’. 

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In the spring of 1914, following a four-year hiatus, Picasso returned to creating multipliable Cubist sculptures in the round with a series of six identically shaped but individually decorated bronze works cast from a wax original. The *Glass of Absinthe *works, bearing the same title as the series as a whole, are remarkable as much for the ways in which they uphold modelling and metal reproduction traditions as for their radical departure from these conventions. Significantly, Picasso, in collaboration with his Parisian art dealer, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, broke new ground by producing not duplicates but six unique and thus highly commercially marketable works of art.  

In creating *Glass of Absinthe*, Picasso borrowed from a range of other sculptural practices, which speaks to the artist’s eclecticism. In dialogue with modern art’s quest for innovation, Picasso further developed the idea of one-of-a-kind multiples, in addition to refining the existing glass motif in an increasingly isolated and durable version – not only as part of his Cubist experimentation, but also for modern sculpture in general.  

In the summer of 1913, Picasso probably saw two plaster versions of Umberto Boccioni’s *Development of a Bottle in Space* as well as the artist’s *Force-Forms of a Bottle* (both 1912) on display in Paris. Boccioni’s bottles, in a reversal of artistic influence, provided Picasso with a template for a more focused, three-dimensional treatment of a simple drinking vessel. Additionally, Picasso was influenced by other works of art that engaged with form in the round and those that used manufactured objects as material. These primers included Málaga clay figurines known as barros malagueños and robed images, African and Oceanic statues, as well as Edgar Degas’s little dancer. As the first in the *Glass of Absinthe* series – the artist’s proof – the cast discussed here is indebted to both Picasso’s sources and inventiveness, and it is this particular *Glass of Absinthe* that he retained for himself. 

Small in size, each *Glass of Absinthe* can be held and rotated by hand, just as one might do when holding a glass in a café. The heft of the series’ bronze material, however, reverses the delicacy of its quotidian correlate and content; transparency turns into opacity and liquid becomes solid. The weight of the metal is alleviated, in turn, by the complex decorative programme Picasso conceived for each *Glass of Absinthe* in the weeks following their casting. Painted evenly in red oil at the bottom and white oil with accents in flushed red, yellow and black at the top, this cast represents one of two plain, non-patterned versions in the series and expounds the challenge that colour posed for Cubist form. Visual analysis of its different sides confirms that rather than its schematic ‘Cubist’ glass shape and rough-and-ready paint layer, it is the incorporation of a real element – the mass-produced white-metal absinthe spoon lodged in each cast between the modelled glass and sugar cube – that allows the viewer to place this one-of-a-kind bronze within the context of Parisian drinking culture. 

Text: Luise Mahler, ‘Glass of Absinthe’, in *Dialogues with Picasso: Collection 2020–2023*, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga, Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2020, pp. 136–39. 

Glass of Absinthe

Luise Mahler, Research Fellow at the Leonard A. Lauder Research Center for Modern Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art

Luise Mahler talks about "Glass of Absinthe", 1914

Married to Olga Khokhlova, a beautiful Russian ballerina, and father to their child, Paulo, Picasso borrowed from Etruscan engravings and French Mannerism to create a slimmed-down, modern version of the classical figure. Anticipating Andy Warhol by four decades, he transformed family photographs into haunting compositions of decisive lines floating over a coloured haze. 

‘Academic training in beauty is a sham. We have been deceived, but so well deceived that we can scarcely get back even a shadow of the truth. The beauties of the Parthenon, Venuses, Nymphs, Narcissi, are so many lies. Art is not the application of a canon of beauty but what the instinct and the brain can conceive beyond any canon.’ 

Within the remarkable corpus of bathers that Picasso created during the 1920s, three full-length interlaced figures stand out. The theme of the Three Graces reminds us of the painter’s predilection for tripartite compositions and his taste for the grand subjects of classical mythology. In 1923, while sojourning in Antibes, an ancient Greek town once known as Antipolis, Picasso became totally immersed in Hellenism and granted this subject matter unprecedented scale: painting his motif in grisaille on a large-format canvas, the artist adopted the ancient device of the three goddesses of Beauty, alternately presented frontally and from the back, naked and veiled. He delved into the antique citation via a subtle play of drapery which echoed the fashion of the day: that, for example, of Madeleine Vionnet, which the chic, cosmopolitan population of Cap d’Antibes took to wearing. In the company of the American painter Gerald Murphy and his wife Sara, the Picassos partook of the neo-Greek lifestyle, as the amateur snapshots taken on the unspoilt beach of La Garoupe show. 

The absence of perspective and the wavy line which makes the bodies swell more than the faces is a reminder of the technique of trompe-l’œil: vacationing in the town of Fontainebleau two summers before, Picasso probably retained the memory of the *Three Graces* painted by Primaticcio in the ballroom of the chateau, as well as some adjoining paintings in grisaille. According to John Richardson, Picasso’s painting would have been initially conceived to decorate the music room of Count Étienne de Beaumont, present with his wife at Cap d’Antibes that same summer. In the spirit of the *Three Graces* transposed in blue ink onto the walls of La Mimoseraie in 1918, the commission, if indeed it took place, was appropriated by the artist and turned into the subject of a magisterial, autonomous development. Announced by a set of pen-and-ink drawings, and accompanied by engravings on copper or zinc in which the figures observe one another and dance on the sheet of paper, the painting fixes them in a static pose: the dialogue between the figures seems to have been interrupted, their attitudes are serious. A thick charcoal line isolates the shapes, which stand out on a canvas primed in grey: the neutral, uniform background, heightened with thin layers of white paint, dramatises the scene, which has the appearance of a ‘nocturnal theatre’; a Baudelairean concept at the origins of modern poetry, located somewhere between real and imaginary. Although we might recognise Olga’s features in the face of the central figure and, for her confederates, those, perhaps, of Sara Murphy and the Countess of Beaumont, the trio is but little individualised and provides Picasso with the opportunity to inflect the anatomies on the basis of one and the same figure.  

The Ingresque naturalism of the bodies breaks with the synthetic outline of the feet which punctuate the bottom part of the composition and above all of the hands which clasp each other: heavy with meaning, the hands are a symbol, here, of gentleness and protection, formal elements in which the emotion of the painting is concentrated and indices of a future stylistic change: that of the early metamorphoses. As Picasso told Marius de Zayas in 1923: ‘Repeatedly I am asked to explain how any painting evolved. To me there is no past or future in art. If a work of art cannot always live in the present it must not be considered at all. The art of the Greeks, of the Egyptians, of the great painters who lived in other times, is not an art of the past; perhaps it is more alive today than it ever was.’ A comment that a view of the studio published in the June 1926 issue of Cahiers d’art, in which the *Three Graces* majestically dominates over the artist’s production of the last three years, sheds ample light on. 

Text: Cécile Godefroy, ‘Three Graces’, in *Pablo Picasso: New Collection 2017–2020*, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga, Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2017, pp. 168–69. 

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Coinciding in time with the political tensions that led to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s, Picasso appropriated Greek myth to expose the latent violence in human nature. His Minotaur celebrates shared pleasure, commits acts of sexual violence, repents, shows unexpected tenderness. Picasso’s quasi-abstract images of women’s heads evoke both aggression and desire.    

‘Picasso was speaking very quietly now. “A minotaur can’t be loved for himself”, he said. “At least he doesn’t think he can. It just doesn’t seem reasonable to him, somehow. Perhaps that’s why he goes in for orgies.” He turned to another print, a minotaur watching over a sleeping woman. “He’s studying her, trying to read her thoughts”, he said, “trying to decide whether she loves him because he’s a monster.”’ 

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*Still Life with Minotaur and Palette* is the last in a series of four paintings Picasso made in November 1938 (with a fifth painted in December). They chart a wide variety of relationships between objects symbolising culture (a book, candle, palette and brushes) and destruction, which is represented by either the head of a bull or a Minotaur. Attached to a stand, these heads read as both sculptural artworks and real faces.  

This duality presents bestiality as both an aspect of art (along with the brushes and palette) and a force outside culture. Among the five paintings, only the first and fourth portray the Minotaur. […] In this picture the Minotaur appears both vividly alive and benignly human. Although ruddy in colouring, the head is fully fleshed. Not only are its features distinctly human (except for the short horns and oval ears), its skin exhibits none of the thick hair or rough hide of a beast. Moreover, Picasso’s use of black to outline the Minotaur’s chin, lips, eyes and eyebrows emphasises the calm expression and human proportions of the head. Finally, touches of blue on either side of the Minotaur’s lips and yellow in the eyes mix colours of the adjacent still life into the features of the Minotaur. 

In this painting, the conflict between creativity and destruction is largely defused; the Minotaur is nearly humanised as a part of this display of culture. 

Text: After Michael FitzGerald, ‘Picasso’s Minotaurs’, in *Dialogues with Picasso: Collection 2020–2023*, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga, Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2020, pp. 248–50. 

Still Life with Minotaur and Palette

Professor of Fine Arts, Trinity College, Hartford

Michael Fitzgerald talks about "Still Life with Minotaur and Palette", 1938

Without doubt, portraiture is one of the key pillars of Picasso’s work, from the early academic likenesses that take us back to the intimacy of the child painter’s home to the harsh portraits of imaginary chivalrous knights, swashbucklers and scorned heroines. In this rich concatenation, a group of paintings and engravings made in the late 1930s and early 1940s makes a powerful appearance. Some are implacable for the hardness and energy that transforms them into grotesque visual records of a personal universe in which violence and impotence are exceptional protagonists.  
 
‘“Is this woman with one eye, or three eyes, a development of Cubism?” I asked Picasso. “Not at all”, he answered. “This double profile, as it is called, is only that I keep my eyes always open. Every painter should keep his eyes always open. And how does that arrive at seeing truthfully, one eye or two eyes, you may ask? It is simply the face of my sweetheart, Dora Maar, when I kiss her.”’ 



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Since Picasso began to draw portraits of Dora Maar when he was staying at Mougins in 1936, her face became more and more an obsession at the basis of his inventions and reconstructions of the human head. Among the early versions there are many lifelike portraits, exact studies of the first direct impression of her features. Treating her appearance with great tenderness and often combining her features with poetic fantasies, he explored every line and every surface, watching her expression and her gestures. […] 

For Picasso the subject, ever since the revolution which occurred in the *Demoiselles d’Avignon*, has been the victim of his will to destroy appearances. Vision rather than subject-matter becomes supreme. The cubists had all destroyed the form of objects such as guitars, bottles and even the human body when reorganising their shapes in still-lifes or figure compositions, but none had had the same courage as Picasso to demolish the human head. What is more, he did not confine this disruptive process to his male friends, as he had done in the early cubist days […]. The face of his closest and dearest woman friend was eligible to suffer the same violence.  

Picasso uses the features of a face as raw material. He knows them intimately from long observation and from frequent studies made either from life, or from an equally visible mental image.  

Text: Roland Penrose, *Picasso: His Life and Work*, New York, Schocken Books, 1962, p. 303. 

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The sense of terror in the face of approaching war is palpable during this period. Nonetheless, works such as the present one reveal the strength of Picasso’s resistance as he continued to express his profound appreciation of life in the multifaceted repertoire of his representations: sketchbooks, preparatory studies, drawings, prints and paintings.

‘The next day he said, “You’d be better posing for me nude.” When I had taken off my clothes, he had me stand back to the entrance, very erect, with my arms at my side. Except for the shaft of daylight coming in through the high windows at my right, the whole place was bathed in a dim, uniform light that was on the edge of shadow. Pablo stood off, three or four yards from me, looking tense and remote. His eyes didn’t leave me for a second. He didn’t touch his drawing pad; he wasn’t even holding a pencil. It seemed a very long time. Finally he said, “I see what I need to do. You can dress now. You won’t have to pose again.”’





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This highly stylised portrait of Françoise Gilot (born 1921) differs greatly from the abstract treatments of Picasso’s models from other periods. Although right and isosceles triangles and circles are among the painting’s primary elements, the overall rendition is not abstract. The triangles overlap with such a careful fit that the angles are rarely broken. The impression of continuity thus achieved creates a natural harmonious effect. The figure’s beauty manifests in the clarity of these defined shapes.

Françoise wrote that, when she told Picasso that Henri Matisse also wished to paint her portrait, he replied, ‘Matisse isn’t the only one who can paint you with green hair.’ From then on, ‘the hair developed into a leaf form and once he had done that, the portrait resolved itself in a symbolic floral pattern. He worked in the breasts with the same curving rhythm.’

As unpretentious as Nature itself, Françoise appears as a flower’s corolla with leaflike tresses. Simple, yet regal, she sits proud as a lioness and as dignified as an ancient Egyptian statue. The straight lines of the bulky, awkward triangular arms seem carved into the canvas. Her triangular hands suggest the massive stone paws of a sphinx. The treatment recalls the hands in a series of portraits of Dora Maar from October and November of 1941.

The complementary colours – the blue violet of the background and the yellow orange of the figure – strengthen one another, and their juxtaposition accentuates the harsh definition already imposed by the geometric composition of the woman’s body. Unlike the thick paint on her cheeks and forehead and the back of the chair that frames her head, these light brushstrokes leave areas of the canvas exposed. 

Although she can be identified earlier, in works made during the German occupation, her presence is not fully established in Picasso’s oeuvre until April 1946 and is generally associated with his Vallauris period from 1947 and 1954. 

Text: Robert McDonald Parker, ‘Woman in an Armchair (Françoise Gillot)’, in *Collection Museo Picasso Málaga*, Madrid, Tf Editores; Málaga, Museo Picasso Málaga, 2003, p. 127.

Woman in an Armchair (Françoise Gilot) 

Eduard Vallès, curator of modern and contemporary art at the National Art Museum of Catalonia. Vídeo in Spanish

Eduard Vallès talks about "Woman in an Armchair (Françoise Gilot)", 1946

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Picasso loved animals of all kinds. His particular bestiary consisted of birds – doves, roosters and owls – as well as dogs, cats, bulls, horses and goats, all of which appear repeatedly in his works. He also subjected these creatures to constant metamorphoses, giving them symbolic meanings.

‘Picasso may love or hate men, but he adores all animals […]. At the Bateau-Lavoir, he had three Siamese cats, a dog, a female monkey, and a tortoise; a tame white mouse lived in a table drawer. […] In Vallauris he had a she-goat; in Cannes, a monkey. As for dogs, not for one day has he been without their company. […] If it had been up to him, he would always have surrounded himself with a regular Noah’s ark.’


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For Picasso both pigeons and doves were a living reality rather than a symbol. They were a part of his life from childhood. His father was a pigeon fancier and also a painter who specialised in depictions of pigeons and pigeon cotes. A notable example of his work is the oil painting titled *Pigeon Cote*, which Picasso referred to throughout his life in a hyperbolic manner: ‘A cage with hundreds of pigeons. With thousands and millions of pigeons.’ Picasso depicted this subject in his earliest works and at different times throughout his career. 

One of the first birds that he produced was a paper cutout made in Málaga at the early date of 1890. That same year in Málaga he made his first drawing on the subject, a group of pigeons in a pigeon cote, an initial approach to the theme that already includes the motif of one of the birds in an opening of its cote, as in this oil on canvas, *Three Doves*. Picasso’s juvenile sketchbooks are also filled with pigeons and over time they would become his favourite animal in his bestiary, particularly in the 1940s and 1950s. It was at this point that the dove became a world symbol of peace through Picasso’s lithograph made for the World Peace Congress of 1949. 

In 1957, in the midst of the taxing process of the creation of the *Las Meninas* series, the artist painted a series of nine oils of young pigeons. Picasso thus abruptly interrupted the claustrophobic series inspired by Velázquez and immortalised the pigeons that he kept in a dovecote on the top floor of La Californie, with its views of the Bay of Cannes. Three years after that series, *Three Doves* makes use of a very similar language with a similar geometrised arrangement based on angular forms. The same day that he painted this work, 18 November 1960, Picasso produced a similar oil of horizontal format depicting a pair of doves guarding their nest with blue sky as the background. That work, the *Las Meninas* series and *Three Doves* all use the same luminous blue in the background. It is here that one of the differences lies with respect to the artist’s childhood memories; from the closed, detailed, ochre-toned compositions of the father, to the formal, chromatic and above all psychological freedom of the son.

Text: Eduard Vallès, ‘Three Doves’, in *Pablo Picasso: New Collection 2017–2020*, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga, Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2017, pp. 352–53.


Three Doves 

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During the war years, Picasso painted a series of horizontal nudes as grim and motionless as corpses. His postwar reclining nudes came back to life, unfolding like the fields and hills of a landscape, while his vertical sheet metal sculptures invite the viewer’s eyes to caress their surfaces and crevices. 

‘“Art is never chaste”, Picasso said to me one day. “Ignorant, innocent people should not be allowed to look at it; those who are insufficiently prepared should not encounter it. Yes, art is dangerous. Or, if it is chaste, it is not art.”’ 

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With a folded, dangling arm and cutout features, this representation of Jacqueline Roque (1927–1986), the artist’s second and last wife, is known in three other versions. One example, made of paper, enabled Picasso to decide how and where to bend or ‘crease’ the metal and allowed him to experiment with the size and the placement of the open-work areas. 

The figure of Jacqueline occupies two ‘sections’ of a metal sheet that has been folded into three panels. One panel is solid and has not been worked, serving as a structural support and augmenting the perceived depth of the body. The model’s features have been sliced out of the metal: eyebrows, eyes, ears, mouth and cheeks, a breast and an arm. With the exception of the right arm, hanging from the figure’s centreline, these forms are expressed by hollowed, absent spaces. Viewed from various angles, the sculpture’s flat-metal sections assume volume. Occupying and appropriating these empty spaces into itself, the body acquires depth and mass. 

Metal cutout sculptures of this type were part of Picasso’s production in the 1960s. The first example was a large bird of prey […]. In general, these metalworks recalled the paper cutouts Picasso had made in the early 1940s during the Second World War and the primitive silhouettes, especially those of paper animals and figures that he had made as a child. According to Lionel Prejger, Picasso invented this type of sculpture as a means of giving ‘permanent shape’ to the paper cutouts he had accumulated over time and, nonetheless, became so inspired by the process that he began to ‘cut out new paper shapes every day, in such quantity that it was hard to keep up with him’ (Prejger cited in McCully 1997, p. 259). […] It has also been suggested that the artist’s work in metal developed simultaneously from the metal toys he created for his own children. 

Picasso’s collaboration in the 1960s with the Norwegian sculptor Carl Nesjar (who had discovered a special cement that could cover large flat surfaces) resulted in a number of important public commissions of colossal cement sculpture, some based on this type of construction of cutout and folded forms. 

This cutout sculpture of Jacqueline was made in Cannes in 1961, the year she and Picasso married. 

Text: After McDonald Parker, ‘Woman’, in *Collection Museo Picasso Málaga*, Madrid, Tf Editores; Málaga, Museo Picasso Málaga, 2003, pp. 359–60.


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Woman

Unlike the painters known as ‘Orientalists’ who sought out supposedly exotic settings, Picasso, who had been born in the south of Europe, turned light into a major protagonist in his work. When the artist decided to locate his studio and home in a property set among pine trees and bathed by the light of the Côte d’Azur, his paintings and ceramics turned more joyful and his symbolic fields became populated with fauns, nymphs and satyrs who appear to be listening with a smile to the old tales told by the sailors of ancient times on their return from voyages around the classical isles.

‘“For me the role of painting”, says Picasso, “is not to depict movement, to show reality in movement. Its role, for me, is rather to halt movement. You must go further than movement in order to halt an image. Otherwise you’re chasing after it. For me, only at that moment is there reality.”’

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Picasso and his future wife Jacqueline Roque Hutin met in 1952 at the Madoura factory, where she was working in the shop, and his earliest portraits of her date from 1954. In order to escape the small-town atmosphere of Vallauris, they moved in the autumn of that year to his rue des Grands Augustins studio in Paris. In the first two weeks of October he began a series of colourful portraits of his new muse, including Jacqueline Seated.

The placement of the seated Jacqueline in front of three bands of colour – red for the ground or floor, yellow for the space behind her, and blue for the sky above – suggests that she is out of doors in the sunny Mediterranean, although the work was painted in Paris. At the same time, Picasso was surely thinking about his dying friend Matisse, who typically set the women in his paintings against broad areas of flat colour.

Whenever Picasso came up with an image for a new woman in his life, he picked out those features which, for him, conveyed both her physical characteristics and also her temperament. Here, he began with the head, which visible underpainting reveals that he first placed in the centre, facing in the opposite direction. The cool, serene face of the final version, which reflects Jacqueline’s supportive role in their relationship, combines both profile and frontal views, emphasising her large dark eyes and straight nose. Her abundant hair appears to be tied back behind her head, while the blue curve at the right could also stand for her hair gathered in a bun. In this work, in contrast to late, explicit paintings of her naked, Jacqueline’s compact body is rendered as an almost flat rectangular form, with the diamond pattern of her dress following the single curve of her knees.

Text: Marilyn McCully, ‘Jacqueline Seated’, in *Museo Picasso Málaga Collection*, Málaga, Museo Picasso Málaga, 2010, p. 44.

In Picasso’s production of the early 1960s, following his decision to settle permanently close to the Mediterranean Sea surrounded by a small circle of professional friends and family, it is common to see expressions of the fullness of everyday life. Picasso looked at himself in the mirror of longevity searching for the image of an entire life devoted to art, its history and its future. In portraits of this type, which could be seen as projections of a distant self, the painted subject suggests messages written on the face of a man who dissolves in the vulnerability of the gesture.

‘It’s completely different the way other people see you and the way you see yourself in a mirror at certain moments. Several times in my life, I happened to catch an expression on my face that I’ve never been able to find in any of my portraits. And they may have been my truest expressions. Someone ought to make a hole in a mirror so that the lens can capture your most intimate face unawares.’

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A further obstacle to liking these late works is the deceptive clumsiness of their technique. People who should have known better suggested that the artist had become senile and sloppy and that his hand had lost its cunning. [...] No, far from losing any of his cunning, Picasso still had to make things as difficult as possible for himself and, by extension, for the viewer. True, in the past, dexterity, or rather his ingenious attempts to conceal dexterity, had on occasion got the better of him. Seldom, however, in the last paintings. The technique is very much there, above all the infinite variety of the formal invention and the wonderful plasticity of the paint, but it is never an end in itself.

In fact, the clumsiness of Picasso’s very late paintings is disingenuous to the point of deceptiveness. Technique, said Picasso, is important, ‘on condition that one has so much…that it completely ceases to exist.’ There is nothing hit-or-miss about his seemingly hit-or-miss style. The point was to preserve the directness and spontaneity of his first rush of inspiration, to be as free and loose and expressive as possible. In old age Picasso had finally discovered how to take every liberty with space and form, colour and light, fact and fiction, time and place, not to mention identity. 

Text : John Richardson, ‘L’Époque Jacqueline’ (1988), as cited in Martin Gayford and Karen Wright, eds., *The Grove Book of Art Writing*, London, Grove Press, 2000, p. 263. For more information, see the lecture delivered by Richardson on 24 April 1984, *Picasso: Catch in the Late Work*, available at [https://www.guggenheim.org/finding-aids/file/picasso-catch-in-the-late-work-2-of-2-john-richardson](https://www.guggenheim.org/finding-aids/file/picasso-catch-in-the-late-work-2-of-2-john-richardson), and the longer, slightly different talk he gave on the occasion of the *Le dernier Picasso 1953–1973* exhibition at the Centre Georges Pompidou held from 17 February to 16 May 1988, available at [https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/program/calendar/event/cyn6Rja](https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/program/calendar/event/cyn6Rja).


Bust of a Man 

The chivalrous knights and children in Picasso’s late paintings seem to have stepped out of the pages of ancient romances and fairy tales. The artist worked with unprecedented freedom, simulating the decorative patterns of textiles and the artlessness of children’s drawings. But the complex interweaving of forms reveals the experience of eight decades of making art.

‘When visiting an exhibition of children’s drawings, some years later, he remarked: “When I was their age I could draw like Raphael, but it took me a lifetime to learn to draw like them.”

*Musketeer with Sword* was included in the last exhibition authorised by Picasso, held at the Palais des Papes in Avignon. As its curator, the artist selected the 200 works displayed, which he limited to his production between 1970 and 1972. Picasso died in April 1973 and the exhibition opened the following month, revealing an artist moving in a space of freedom – compositional, chromatic and thematic – possibly unparalleled at any other moment in his career. It was this very freedom in his final output which disconcerted some of Picasso’s critics. 

*Musketeer with Sword* dates from 28 January 1972, a month in which the artist painted various *musketeers* brandishing swords, using different pictorial calligraphies. All these musketeers seem to have a certain biographical element that connects them, expressed through the eyes, a physical feature which Picasso generally emphasised, even in his most Baroque works such as this one. Here they are the unmistakable *punctum*, painted with the largest amount of black in the composition, the rest of which is expressed through a combination of brightly coloured long and short brushstrokes and dots. Picasso’s figures of this type have habitually been associated with Rembrandt – a reference point for the artist in his final years – whom Picasso admired for his astonishingly unflinching gaze on death. According to Jacqueline, Picasso ‘started to study Rembrandt during his illness’, but the issue is not in fact so simple, as some resonances fuse with others given that the influences on Picasso’s work are always multi-directional. In reality this portrait combines different iconographies, from the Spanish Golden Age to 19th-century bullfighters who overlap with the musketeers, so that paint brushes are replaced with daggers or swords, as in this canvas. 

A plausible interpretative key to works such as this one lies in Picasso’s own texts, in which he hyperbolically evokes images of that swaggering 17th-century Spain of minor nobles and courtesans, a literary and sometimes surrealist equivalent of the figures in his aquatints for *La Celestina*. Rafael Alberti perceptively observed that the oils shown in Avignon ‘are figures from the Museo del Prado, from the ghostly Toledo of his early youth.’ It is not by chance that in his role as curator, Picasso essentially chose portraits – portraits of those extravagant figures wearing cavaliers’ hats and doublets with swords and pipes who had inhabited his personal cosmos since his youth. They would become the protagonists of his final grotesque parade in the papal palace in which literature, the history of art and autobiography came together in equal measure. 

Text: Eduard Vallès, ‘Musketeer with Sword’, in *Pablo Picasso: New Collection 2017–2020*, Málaga, Fundación Museo Picasso Málaga. Legado Paul, Christine y Bernard Ruiz-Picasso, 2017, pp. 426–27.


Musketeer with Sword 

In the south of France, Picasso becomes fascinated with the local pottery tradition. Like the artists of the contemporary School of Altamira, he looked back to the prehistoric cave painters who used earth, bone and fire to create art. Other paintings recorded the houses and landscapes that cradled his late work. 

‘Ceramics works like printmaking. The firing is the printing. At that precise moment you realise what you have done. When you receive the proof print, you are no longer the same person who etched the plate. You have changed. You have to go back to the printing plate. But with ceramics, there is no going back.’

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Picasso began his activity in the age-old medium of ceramics at the Madoura factory in Vallauris, the ancient pottery centre where he and Françoise Gilot acquired a villa in 1949. He was attracted to the place, with its old buildings and traditional wood-fired kilns, and to the opportunities and facilities that the owners, Suzanne and Georges Ramié, offered him at their factory. Working alongside the craftsmen, he undertook a variety of ceramic experiments, utilising the plates and jugs that were in regular production, as well as realising some of his own designs with the master thrower Jules Agard. Beginning in 1950 he also collaborated closely with Suzanne Ramié on the shapes that she designed. She was particularly interested in researching ancient or traditional pots, which she then recreated, often on a larger scale than the original sources, for modern decoration. The pot-bellied vessel with six handles (three on either side) and a lid, which is the inspiration for Insect, is known in Provence as a gus, and its purpose was for storing vinegar or water. A rope would be looped through the handles, so that the vessel could be hung on the wall. 

Picasso had a knack for seeing the potential for transformation in ceramic shapes, and, in the case of this *Insect*, he had the idea of turning the whole vessel into a creature by painting the lid as a head with eyes, the handles as arms with little hands extending onto the main body of the pot, while legs are painted at the bottom. Similar features are depicted on either side of the pot, so that the creature actually has eight legs in all. Picasso chose straightforward techniques of decoration, including painting blue slip directly on the white earthenware pot and incising some of the decorative motifs through the blue to reveal the white beneath. 

Text: Marilyn McCully, ‘Insect’, in *Museo Picasso Málaga Collection*, Málaga, Museo Picasso Málaga, 2010, p. 42.

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